Editing Islamic sexual jurisprudence (section)

==Legal sexualities==
===Sexual relationships===
In Islam, there are two types of permitted sexual relationship: marriage and concubinage. They are also extended rulings regarding on the affairs.

====Marriage====
{{main|Marriage in Islam|Islamic marital jurisprudence}}

Marriage (Nikah) is a contract between Muslim men and his wife. Marriage has been described in tradition (hadith) as half of the religion with the regards of preserving chastity.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Marriage half of faith? |url=https://eshaykh.com/hadith/general-2/ |website=eshaykh.com |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619085932/https://eshaykh.com/hadith/general-2/ |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |title=Is marriage half of religion? - islamqa.info |url=https://islamqa.info/en/11586 |website=isamqa.info |access-date=2018-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619112945/https://islamqa.info/en/11586 |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

{{quote|Anas ibn Malik reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Whoever Allah provides with a righteous wife, then Allah has assisted him in half of his religion. Let him fear Allah regarding the second half.”|al-Mu’jam al-Awsaṭ 992, Saheeh al-Targheeb wa’l-Tarheeb (1916) Al-Bayhaqi narrated in Shu’ab al-Eemaan from al-Raqaashi, Al-Haakim narrated in al-Mustadrak from Anas, in a marfoo’ report<ref>
{{cite web |title=Hadith on Marriage: Marriage is half of the religion |url=https://abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2013/04/16/hadith-on-marriage-whoever-gets-married-has-completed-half-of-the-religion/ |website=abuaminaelias.com |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113051/https://abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2013/04/16/hadith-on-marriage-whoever-gets-married-has-completed-half-of-the-religion/ |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref>}}

In Islamic law, marriage legalizes sexual intercourse between the husband and wife. Marriage is not restricted to a platonic relationship nor is it only for procreation. Marriage is greatly encouraged in Islam, partially because it provides a lawful institution in which to fulfill one's sexual urges.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://islamqa.info/en/5560 | title=Etiquette of intimate relations | publisher=islamqa.info | work=Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid | accessdate=24 July 2015 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204418/http://islamqa.info/en/5560 | archivedate=24 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zawaj.com/articles/sex_and_marriage_q-and-a.html | title=Sex & Marriage in Islam | publisher=zawaj.com | accessdate=24 July 2015 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710223229/http://www.zawaj.com/articles/sex_and_marriage_q-and-a.html | archivedate=10 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.al-islam.org/islamic-marriage-syed-athar-husain-sh-rizvi/importance-marriage-islam | title=Importance of Marriage in Islam | publisher=Al-Islam.org | accessdate=24 July 2015 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724205547/http://www.al-islam.org/islamic-marriage-syed-athar-husain-sh-rizvi/importance-marriage-islam | archivedate=24 July 2015 }}</ref> Islam does provide extensive rules regarding sex; however, within the conditional institution of marriage, there are sources in both the Qur'an and hadith, which promote the well being of humans and their natural sexual instincts. In the Surah Baqarah, sex in married life is openly recommended: {{quote|"When they [i.e. wives] have [[Ghusl|cleansed]] themselves [after menstruation], you go into them as Allah has commanded."|(2:222)}}<ref group="Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project">{{cite web |title=Importance of Marriage in Islam |url=http://www.al-islam.org/marriage-handbook/3.htm |accessdate=April 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504205154/http://www.al-islam.org/marriage-handbook/3.htm |archivedate=May 4, 2013 }}</ref> It has been also said: {{quote|"Those who guard their chastity (ie. private parts, from illegal sexual acts) except from their wives or (the captives and slaves) that their right hands possess, - for them, they are free from blame."|[al-Mu’minoon 23:5-6]}} Additionally, sources of hadith illustrate similar promotion of fulfilling sexual urges in lawful ways within a marriage. The Wasaelush Shia quotes Muhammad as encouraging his followers to marry, saying: {{quote|"O, you young men! I recommend marriage to you."|The Wasaelush Shia (vol. 14, p.&nbsp;25)}}<ref group="Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project">{{cite web |last=S.H. Rizvi |first=Syed Athar Husain |title=Islamic Marriage |url=http://www.al-islam.org/marriage-handbook/3.htm |publisher=World Islamic Network |accessdate=April 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504205154/http://www.al-islam.org/marriage-handbook/3.htm |archivedate=May 4, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="POM">{{cite book |last1=Asar |first1=Adam |title=Peace of Mind and Healing of Broken Lives |publisher= |isbn=9780557334681 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=RTPrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dua+of+intercourse#v=onepage&q=Dua%20of%20intercourse&f=false |language=en}}</ref>

Prophet Muhammad also declared marital sex as charity:<ref>
{{cite web |title=''Having intercourse (with one's wife) is a charity. |url=https://salaficentre.com/2014/05/having-intercourse-with-ones-wife-is-a-charity/ |website=The Salafi Centre of Manchester |accessdate=19 June 2018 |date=2014-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506200916/http://www.salaficentre.com/2014/05/having-intercourse-with-ones-wife-is-a-charity/ |archive-date=2017-05-06 |url-status=live }}
</ref>
{{quote|"When one of you have sex with your wife, it is a rewarded act of charity." The Companions were surprised and said, "But we do it purely out of our desire. How can it be counted as charity?" The Prophet replied, "If you had done it with a forbidden woman, it would have been counted as a sin, but if you do it in legitimacy, it is counted as charity.”|Muslim. Number 1674}}

=====Limitations=====
{{Main|Mahram|Interfaith marriage in Islam}}
{{quote|Do not marry idolateresses until they believe, a believing slave woman is better than idolateress even if she pleases you and let (your women) not be married with idolater, a believing slave man is better than idolater even if he pleases you; they call towards fire and God calls you toward paradise and forgiveness with his will; and he explains his verses so that you may understand. (Al-Qur'an 2:221)}}
Marriage with an [[idolatress]] or [[Idolatry|idolater]] is forbidden (2:221).<ref name="go.galegroup.com">{{cite web |last=Kassam |first=Zayn |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500164&v=2.1&u=nysl_ce_colgul&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref> Muslim men can marry Muslim, Judaist, and Christian women, but can not marry any other religious or irreligious women, where Muslim women can marry only Muslim men. A Muslim man can maintain at-a-time four marital relationship, but Muslim women can at-a-time maintain only one marital relationship.

Islam has forbidden marriage to one's father's wives (4:22), one's mother, daughters, sisters, father's sisters, mother's sisters, brother's daughters, sister's daughters, foster-mothers, foster-sisters, mother-in-law, stepdaughters born of women with whom one has had conjugal relations, the wives of blood-sons, and two sisters from the same family (unless it was unknown at the time that the two were related) (4:23), as well as all married women except who have become slaves as their previous marriage ends on becoming slave (3:24).<ref name="go.galegroup.com"/>

==== Concubinage ====
{{main|Ma malakat aymanukum}}
{{See also|Islamic views on slavery#Sexual intercourse}}

Islamic law does not require a man to take consent from his slave girl in order to have sexual intercourse with her.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Kecia|date=February 2017|title=Concubinage and Consent|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743816001203/type/journal_article|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=148–152|doi=10.1017/S0020743816001203|issn=0020-7438|doi-access=free}}</ref> Concubinage is the only legal practice outside marriage in Islam, which is a sexual relation between a Muslim man and an unmarried female slave whom he owns. The term refers to the status of the female; [[Malik ibn Anas]] cites a report in which "Umar b. al-Khattab says that when a female slave gives birth to a child by her master, then the slave becomes an ''[[umm walad]]'' (mother of a child, concubine)."<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last=Suad |first=Joseph |title=Encyclopedia |year=2007 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden and Boston |page=531}}</ref> The [[Hanbali]] jurist [[Ibn Qudama]] explains that the father is not allowed to sell or transfer ownership of his concubine, though he is entitled to have sexual relations with her, to employ her service, to hire her out and to marry her. [[Ibn al-Humam]] adds that the slave-owner must acknowledge the kinship of the child.<ref name="Suad 2006"/>

"Concubine" (''surriyya'') refers to the female slave (''jāriya''), whether Muslim or non-Muslim, with whom her master engages in sexual intercourse. The word "''surriyya''" is not mentioned in the Qur'an. However, the expression "[[Ma malakat aymanukum]]" (that which your right hands own), which occurs fifteen times in the sacred book, refers to slaves and therefore, though not necessarily, to concubines.{{additional citation needed|date=November 2016}} Concubinage was a pre-Islamic custom that was allowed to be practiced under Islam through some reform with Jews and non-Muslim people. Muhammad also inspired to free "converted pious" concubines and marry them.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | title=Al-Adab Al-Mufrad / Book-9 / Hadith-48 | publisher=quranx.com | accessdate=7 June 2015 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217062833/http://quranx.com/Hadith/adab/In-Book/Book-9/Hadith-48/ | archivedate=17 February 2017 }}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Islamic jurisprudence sets limits on the master's right to sexual intercourse with his female slave. A man's ownership of his unmarried slave-girl gave him an exclusive right to have sex with her under the condition that he could not sell her to others (in order to prevent prostitution of slaves). A man could own a limitless number of concubines, but could not have access to the slave-girls owned by his wife. Marriage between the master and his concubine was only possible if she was granted free status first. To avoid pregnancies, the master had the right to practice [[coitus interruptus]]. The birth of progeny would change the legal status of the concubine to that of ''umm al-walad'' ("mother of the child"); as such, the concubine could not then be sold. On the (lawful) death of her master, she would automatically acquire free status and her children would be considered free and legitimate.<ref name="Suad 2006"/>

Surah [[Al-Muminun]] (23:6) and Surah [[Al-Maarij]] (70:30) both, in identical wording, draw a distinction between spouses and "those whom one's right hands possess" (female slaves), saying " أَزْوَاجِهِمْ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُمْ" (literally, "their spouses or what their right hands possess"), while clarifying that sexual intercourse with either is permissible. The purchase of female slaves for sex was lawful from the perspective of Islamic law, and this was the most common motive for the purchase of slaves throughout Islamic history.<ref name="Brunschvig">Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill, page 13.</ref>

One rationale given for recognition of concubinage in Islam is that "it satisfied the sexual desire of the female slaves and thereby prevented the spread of immorality in the [[Ummah|Muslim community]]."<ref name="Sikainga 1996 p22">{{cite book | author=Sikainga, Ahmad A. | title=Slaves Into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan | publisher=University of Texas Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-292-77694-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/slavesintoworker0000sika }} p.22</ref> Most schools restrict concubinage to a relationship where the female slave is required to be monogamous to her master<ref>{{cite book |author1=Bloom, Jonathan |author2=Blair, Sheila |title=Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-300-09422-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220 }} p.48</ref> (though the master's monogamy to her is not required), but according to Sikainga, "in reality, however, female slaves in many Muslim societies were prey for [male] members of their owners' household, their [owner's male] neighbors, and their [owner's male] guests."<ref name="Sikainga 1996 p22"/> It is also considered a cultural taboo as a result according to which it was banned in numerous Islamic Empires and is out of favor in modern day Muslim countries. The practice has recently seen a revival among terrorist circles like the ISIS and Daesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=sex slavery in ISIS - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=sex+slavery+in+ISIS&oq=sex+slavery+in+ISIS&aqs=chrome..69i57.7639j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8|access-date=2020-06-08|website=www.google.com}}</ref>

The history of slavery in Islamic states and of sexual relations with slaves, was the "responsibility of Muslims, and not of the Quran", according to Parwez,{{who|date=January 2017}} as quoted by Clarence-Smith.<ref name=csp198>{{cite book|last1=Clarence-Smith|first1=William|title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195221510|pages=198–200|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nQbylEdqJKkC&pg=PR9&dq=slavery+quran#v=onepage&q=translation&f=false|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611073330/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nQbylEdqJKkC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=slavery+quran&ots=CmLKAHzroo&sig=qkVj_OulU-TNieKvSJk6ybw8NUc#v=onepage&q=translation&f=false|archivedate=2017-06-11|year=2006}}</ref> Amir Ali blamed the history of Islamic slavery in racist terms, states Clarence-Smith, stating that slave servitude and sexual abuse of captive slaves may have been because of degeneration of the Arabs from their admixing over time with "lower races such as Ethiopians".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Clarence-Smith|first1=William|title=Islam and the Abolition of Slavery|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195221510|pages=199–201|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nQbylEdqJKkC|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429200313/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nQbylEdqJKkC&f=false|archivedate=2016-04-29|year=2006}}</ref>

=== Sexual techniques ===

One of the areas of Islamic sexual jurisprudence in which there are not many restrictions is the discussion of sexual techniques. Almost all of what is practiced under Islamic law concerning sexual techniques and the act of sexual intercourse come from ''hadith'', which are not restrictive in nature, but followed by a mutual etiquette known as foreplay,<ref>
{{cite web |title=Turning Sex Into Sadaqa An excerpt from 'The Muslim Marriage Guide.' |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/islam/2001/04/turning-sex-into-sadaqa.aspx |website=beliefnet.com |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113055/http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/islam/2001/04/turning-sex-into-sadaqa.aspx |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |title=Kissing and Foreplay |url=https://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/kissf.htm |website=central-mosque.com |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201749/http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/kissf.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |title=THE RULES OF NIKAH: BEDROOM ETIQUETTES IN ISLAM |url=http://www.authentictauheed.com/2011/07/112-bedroom-etiquettes-in-islam.html |website=authentictauheed.com |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113009/http://www.authentictauheed.com/2011/07/112-bedroom-etiquettes-in-islam.html |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref> as the hadiths follow:

{{quote|Imam al-Daylami records a narration on the authority of Anas ibn Malik that the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him & give him peace) is reported to have said: "Not one of you should fulfil one’s (sexual) need from/fall upon his wife like an animal; but let there first be a messenger between you." "And what is that messenger?" they asked, and he replied: "Kisses and words".”|Musnad al-Firdaws Of al-Daylami, 2/55}}

{{quote|Imam Ibn al-Qayyim reports from Jabir ibn Abd Allah in his famous “Tibb al-Nabawi” that the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him & give him peace) forbade from engaging in sexual intercourse before foreplay.|al-Tibb al-Nabawi, 183}}
The main tendency within these ''hadith'' are saying for Muslims to follow in the bedroom, saying which "clearly show that the husband and the wife should feel completely free when they are engaged in mutual stimulation which is known as foreplay. These sayings recommend [[foreplay]], and only except anal intercourse,<ref name=alis/><ref>
{{cite web |title=There is nothing in Islam to say that anal intercourse is permissible |url=https://islamqa.info/en/91968 |website=islamqa.info |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619112947/https://islamqa.info/en/91968 |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |title=Islamic Ruling on Anal Sex |url=https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=669 |website=islamonline.net |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619085936/https://archive.islamonline.net/?p=669 |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref> these hadiths put no direct restrictions on the type of techniques used during foreplay or during [[sexual intercourse|intercourse]].<ref name="foreplay 1">{{cite web|title=Basic bedroom fiqh|url=http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/sex/sex-basic-fiqh.html|work=Hanafi fiqh|publisher=themodernreligion.com|accessdate=8 July 2012|author=Sidi Faraz Rabbani|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819080707/http://www.themodernreligion.com/misc/sex/sex-basic-fiqh.html|archivedate=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="kiss 2">{{cite web|title=Kissing and Foreplay in Islam|url=http://www.zawaj.com/articles/kissing-and-foreplay.html|work=Sex in Islam|publisher=Zawaj.com|accessdate=8 July 2012|author=Muhammad ibn Adam al-Kawthari|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624135953/http://www.zawaj.com/articles/kissing-and-foreplay.html|archivedate=24 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://islamqa.info/en/826 | title=Masturbation between husband and wife | publisher=[[islamqa.info]] | work=Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid | accessdate=2 August 2015 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708043554/http://islamqa.info/en/826 | archivedate=8 July 2015 }}</ref>

Allah says in the Qur'an: {{quote|Your wives are a tilth for you, so go to your tilth (have sexual relations with your wives in any manner as long as it is in the vagina and not in the anus), when or how you will, and send (good deeds, or ask Allah to bestow upon you pious offspring) for your own selves beforehand. And fear Allah, and know that you are to meet Him (in the Hereafter), and give good tidings to the believers (O Muhammad).|{{cite quran|2|223|s=ns}}}}

In the foregoing verse the word harth (tilth) indicates that any kind of [[vaginal sex]] is permissible in Islam, but not [[anal sex]], because vagina is the place from where children are produced; and it is also regardless any of sexual positions, because, the semen lodged in the womb from which offspring comes is likened to the seeds that are planted in the ground, bringing vegetation, and anyhow the seed is sown, it will bring out seedling; similarly vaginal intercourse regardless any position results in offspring generation. Although some claims that, top to bottom position has been encouraged most, but none of the vaginal sexual positions has been mentioned as prohibited in scripture and tradition.<ref name=alis>
{{cite web |title=1.What are the positions and ways of having sex are legal in islam? |url=http://www.islamhelpline.net/node/3692 |website=islamhelpline.net |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619085903/http://www.islamhelpline.net/node/3692 |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |title=Sexual Techniques |url=https://www.al-islam.org/islamic-marriage-handbook-syed-athar-husayn-sh-rizvi/sexual-techniques |website=www.al-islam.org |accessdate=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113006/https://www.al-islam.org/islamic-marriage-handbook-syed-athar-husayn-sh-rizvi/sexual-techniques |archive-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

==== Obligations ====
In Islam, the husband should have intercourse with his wife according to what satisfies her, so long as that does not harm him physically or keep him from earning a living. The husband is obliged to treat his wife in a kind and reasonable manner. Part of that kind and reasonable treatment is intercourse, which he has to do. The majority of scholars set the time limit beyond which it is not permissible for the husband to forego intercourse at four months, mentioning this tradition:<ref name="Pmc">{{cite book |last1=Busaq |first1=Muhammad Al-Madani |last2=Ahmed |first2=Zubair |title=perspectives on modern criminal policy & islamic sharia |date=2005 |publisher=Naif Arab University |location=Riyadh, Saudi Arabiya |isbn=978-9960-853-17-8 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=LD8yVhn_WB4C&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=omar+hafsa+husband+wife+four+month&source=bl&ots=Kzt9z_7IkK&sig=ACfU3U31K7DWA086Nt_WDcyevtQ67nrooQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZpp-LntvpAhWNzjgGHXvyB-AQ6AEwCnoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=omar%20hafsa%20husband%20wife%20four%20month&f=false |accessdate=30 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Quote|Umar bin Al-Khattab, the second Caliph of Islam, during his routine patrols in the streets of Al-Madina, heard the desperate chanting of a young female. The latter was uttering the following lines: "This night is becoming longer: it's dimensions am becoming darker. (In the flush of my aroused passions). I am restive: I yearn for my beloved to play with. By Allah, If I wouldn't have feared Allah. I would have managed someone in the bed and moved all its sides." Umar understood clearly that the broken-hearted desperate woman was sustaining the agony of separation of her husband. IHe also realized that the separation period was ostensibly longer. Her husband at that time was engaged in military operations against infidels. Umar also realized that such separations are decisive factors leading to acts of sure deviance and crimes. With such thinking. he approached his daughter Ilafsa and raised a question: -How long a wife can tolerate the separation of her husband," Hake responded: -From four to six months". Thereupon. Umar issued a Caliphal decree. By virtue of this decree. he commended all Muslims on military service to return to their homes, though for a short duration. after a span period of four months,'<ref name="Pmc"/>}}

But according to some scholars, the view is that there is no time limit.<ref>Ibn Qudaamah, Malik, [[Al-Mughni]], 7/30, Al-Jassaas, Ahkaam al-Qur’aan, 1/374, Shaykh al-Islam, Al-Ikhtiyaaraat al-Fiqhiyyah, p. 246.</ref>

Most of the scholars have said that, It is obligatory on women alike not to refuse their husbands if they call them, so long as the woman who is called is not menstruating or sick in such a way that intercourse will be harmful to her, or observing an obligatory fast. If she refuses with no excuse, then she is cursed.<ref>al-Fataawa al-Islamiyyah, 3/145, 146, Kashf al-Qinaa’, 5/189, [[Al-Muhalla]], 10/40, Kashf al-Qinaa’, 5/189</ref>

{{quote|It was narrated from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet said: "If a man calls his wife to his bed, and she refuses to come, the angels curse her until morning comes."|al-Bukhari, 3065; Muslim, 1436.}}

But it is not permissible for a husband to force his wife to do more than she is able to bear of intercourse. If she has an excuse such as being sick or unable to bear it, then she is not sinning if she refuses to have intercourse.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://islamqa.info/en/9602 | title=Her husband has strong desire; what should she do? | publisher=[[islamqa.info]] | work=Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid | accessdate=2 August 2015 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811224131/http://islamqa.info/en/9602 | archivedate=11 August 2015 }}</ref>

==== Restrictions ==== 
All Muslim jurists agree that anal sex is haram (prohibited), based on the hadith of Muhammad<ref name="ifn">{{cite book |last1=Drissner |first1=Gerald |title=Islam for Nerds: 500 Questions and Answers |date=2016 |publisher=pochemuchka (Gerald Drissner) |isbn=978-3-9819848-4-2 |page=679 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=odXkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA679&dq=anal+islam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji4KLci-zpAhV-xjgGHV3UD40Q6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=anal%20islam&f=false |accessdate=6 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>: {{quote|Do not have anal sex with women.|Reported by Ahmad, At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasa'i, and Ibn Majah}}

{{quote|Muhammad also said, "Cursed he. ..who has sex with a woman through her back passage."|Ahmad}}

{{quote|Khuzaymah Ibn Thabit also reported that the Messenger of Allah said: "Allah is not too shy to tell you the truth: Do not have sex with your wives in the anus."|Reported by Ahmad, 5/213}}

{{quote|Ibn Abbas narrated: "The Messenger of Allah said: "Allah will not look at a man who has anal sex with his wife."|Reported by Ibn Abi Shaybah, 3/529; At-Tirmidhi classified it as an authentic hadith, 1165}}

Further, it is reported that Muhammad referred to such an act as "minor sodomy". (Reported by Ahmad and An-Nasa'i)

{{quote|It is reported that `Umar Ibn Al-Khattab came one day to Muhammad and said, "O Messenger of Allah, I am ruined!" "What has ruined you?" asked the Prophet. He replied, "Last night I turned my wife over," meaning that he had had vaginal intercourse with her from the back. The Prophet did not say anything to him until the verse cited above was revealed. Then he told him, "[Make love with your wife] from the front or the back, but avoid the anus and intercourse during menstruation."|(Reported by Ahmad and At-Tirmidhi)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.islamawareness.net/Sex/technique.html | title=Sex Technique | publisher=islamawareness.net | accessdate=27 July 2015 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721002113/http://www.islamawareness.net/Sex/technique.html | archivedate=21 July 2015 }}</ref>}}

Sexual intercourse is prohibited:
* during menstruation; verse 2:222 prohibits sexual relations with women during menstruation. Muhammad specifically restricts the injunction "to segregate the women" and "not go near them" in 2:222 to a prohibition against sexual relations with menstruating women.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> 

* for forty days after childbirth ([[puerperium]]);
* during the daylight hours of the month of [[Ramadan]] (i.e. while fasting);
* on pilgrimage; while in the sanctuary (in Ahram) at Mecca, pilgrims are not allowed to have intercourse. Marriages performed during the pilgrimage are invalid.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wheeler |first=Brannon |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500093&v=2.1&u=nysl_ce_colgul&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref>

===Procreation===
In Islamic jurisprudence, the primary purpose of sex between marriage and concubinage is [[procreation]].<ref name=jawaz2/> Islam recognizes the strong sexual urge and desire for reproduction.<ref>
{{cite web |author1=Shahid Athar |title=Sex Education: An Islamic Perspective |url=https://www.islamicity.org/2191/sex-education-an-islamic-perspective/ |accessdate=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729183133/https://www.islamicity.org/2191/sex-education-an-islamic-perspective/ |archive-date=2018-07-29 |url-status=live }}
</ref> Dr. M.A. Rauf from his book 'Marriage in Islam'. In this excerpt, he discusses in great detail the advantages and possible disadvantages of marriage. Among the advantages that he discusses are procreation, fulfilment of the natural urge, companionship, comfort and relief to the soul, and so on. He also discusses the disadvantages and the types of burdens and risks involved with marriage. All of the advantages or benefits are in effect meant to be regarded as the secondary purpose of marriage which supplement its major aim or purpose, namely procreation. To beget children. This is the main purpose for marriage. The aim is to engender and preserve the human race. Four objectives are accomplished through procreation: - (i) to increase mankind (ii) Islam is propagated by increasing the number of followers of the prophet Muhammad (iii)parents will hope to leave behind children who will pray for them (iv) and According to Islamic belief, if a child dies before the parents, the prayers of the child in paradise will be very beneficial for the parents.<ref name=jawaz2>
{{cite web |author1=Syed Mumtaz Ali & Rabia Mills |title=Sex in Islam: Its Role and Purpose |url=https://www.zawaj.com/articles/sex_mumtaz.html |accessdate=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002201813/http://www.zawaj.com/articles/sex_mumtaz.html |archive-date=2017-10-02 |url-status=live }}
</ref> The children born of the matrimonial union become legitimate and mutual rights of inheritance are established.<ref>
{{cite web |first1=Mohammad| last1= Mazhar Hussaini |title=Marriage and Family in Islam: Purpose and obligation of marriage life|url=https://www.soundvision.com/article/purpose-and-obligation-of-marriage-life |accessdate=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008095840/https://www.soundvision.com/article/purpose-and-obligation-of-marriage-life |archive-date=2018-10-08 |url-status=live }}
</ref> Islam always supports a [[natalism|pro-natalist]] view of procreation,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Rita James |last2=Brooks |first2=Alison |title=Gay and Lesbian Communities the World Over |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-4364-3 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=AGlGTAXlAcsC&pg=PA17&dq=homosexuality+islam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD09n5nNLpAhUROSsKHdKBCms4FBDoATABegQIARAK#v=onepage&q=homosexuality%20islam&f=false |accessdate=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> through many hadith.

{{quote| Ma’qil ibn Yasaar said: A man came to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and said, “I have found a woman who is of good lineage and is beautiful, but she does not children. Should I marry her?” He said, “No.” Then he came again with the same question and he told him not to marry her. Then he came a third time with the same question and he said: “Marry those who are loving and fertile, for I will be proud of your great numbers before the other nations.|Abu Dawood (2050)}}

This hadeeth indicates that it is encouraged to marry women who are fertile, so that the numbers of the ummah will increase, and so the Prophet Muhammad will feel proud of his [[Ummah|followers]] before all other nations. This shows that it is encouraged to have a lot of children.<ref name="IQA2">
{{cite web |author1=[[Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid]] |title=Fiqh of the family. arur 13492: Encouragement to have a lot of children |url=https://islamqa.info/en/13492 |website=[[Islamqa.info]] |accessdate=8 October 2018 |date=5 April 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008174837/https://islamqa.info/en/13492 |archive-date=2018-10-08 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

{{quote|Narrated 'Abdullah: We used to participate in the holy battles led by Allah's Messenger and we had nothing (no wives) with us. So we said, "Shall we get ourselves castrated?" He forbade us that and then allowed us to marry women with a temporary contract (2) and recited to us: -- 'O you who believe ! Make not unlawful the good things which Allah has made lawful for you, but commit no transgression.' (5.87) 

Narrated Abu Huraira: I said, "O Allah's Messenger! I am a young man and I am afraid that I may commit illegal sexual intercourse and I cannot afford to marry." He kept silent, and then repeated my question once again, but he kept silent. I said the same (for the third time) and he remained silent. Then repeated my question (for the fourth time), and only then the Prophet said, "O Abu Huraira! The pen has dried after writing what you are going to confront. So (it does not matter whether you) get yourself castrated or not."| Sahih al-Bukhari 5075, 5076|title=|source=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/67}}

{{quote|the Messenger of Allah said: "Marriage is part of my sunnah, and whoever does not follow my sunnah has nothing to do with me. Get married, for I will boast of your great numbers before the nations. Whoever has the means, let him get married, and whoever does not, then he should fast for it will diminish his desire."|Ibn Majah 1846}}

{{quote|"The Messenger of Allah disapproved of Uthman bin Mazun's desire to remain celibate; if he had given him permission, we would have gotten ourselves castrated."|Ibn Majah, 1848}}

{{quote|the Messenger of Allah forbade celibacy. Zaid bin Akhzam added: "And Qatadah recited: 'And indeed We sent Messengers before you (O Muhammad ), and made for them wives and offspring.|Ibn Majah 1849}}

====In vitro fertilization====
Regarding the response to [[In Vitro Fertilization]] (IVF) of [[Islam]], the conclusions of Gad El-Hak Ali Gad El-Hak's ART fatwa include that:<ref>{{Cite journal| url = http://vlex.com/vid/fatwas-ivf-gamete-sunni-shia-islam-418643 | last = Inhorn | first = MC | title = Making Muslim babies: IVF and gamete donation in Sunni versus Shi'a Islam | journal = Cult Med Psychiatry | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 427–50 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17051430 | pmc = 1705533 | doi = 10.1007/s11013-006-9027-x | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090624121701/http://vlex.com/vid/fatwas-ivf-gamete-sunni-shia-islam-418643 | archivedate = 2009-06-24 }}</ref>
*IVF of an egg from the wife with the sperm of her husband and the transfer of the fertilised egg back to the uterus of the wife is allowed, provided that the procedure is indicated for a medical reason and is carried out by an expert physician.
*Since marriage is a contract between the wife and husband during the span of their marriage, no third party should intrude into the marital functions of sex and procreation. This means that a third party donor is not acceptable, whether he or she is providing sperm, eggs, embryos, or a uterus. The use of a third party is tantamount to ''zina'', or [[adultery]].

=== Purification and hygiene ===
{{main|Islamic hygienical jurisprudence}}
Sexual hygiene in Islam is a prominent topic in [[Islam]]ic jurisprudence (''[[fiqh]]'') due to its everyday nature. {{presentScholar|Ibn Abidin|13th|Hanafi}} explains:<ref>[[Radd al-Muhtar ala al-Dur al-Mukhtar]] [http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=1477&CATE=3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310192035/http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=1477&CATE=3 |date=2007-03-10 }}</ref>	
<blockquote>When there is discharge of thick, cloudy white fluid (wady) (that exits before or after urinating) or unlustful discharge of thin, sticky, white fluid (madhy) caused by play or kissing, it requires [[ghusl]]. And [[wudu]].</blockquote>	
Regarding things that necessitates ghusl:
#sperm or female ejaculate that leaves its place of origin with desire [f: whether actual or effective], even if it exits the body without desire, even if without sexual intercourse;
#the head of the penis entering either private part of a living human being who is fit for sexual intercourse, even without any release of sexual fluids...” [al-Hadiyya al-`Ala’iyya (Gifts of Guidance, unpublished translation)]<ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=2125&CATE=129 |title=Wet dreams: is wudu enough or must ghusl be performed?<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094200/http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=2125&CATE=129 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>
After partaking in sexual activity where penetration or ejaculation occurs, both men and women are required to complete a full-body ritual [[Ablution in Islam|ablution]] known as ''[[ghusl]]'' in order to re-establish ritual purity before prayer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford}}</ref> ''Ghusl'' requires clean, odorless water that has not been used for a previous ritual and begins with the declaration of the intention of purity and worship.<ref name="Esposito">{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=3 May 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archivedate=14 November 2016 }}</ref> A Muslim performing complete ablution then washes every part of his or her body.<ref name="Esposito"/> There are reports in the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad which indicate that the pubic hairs should be removed, he had set a time limit of 40 days, and the hair should not be left any longer than that and he set a time limit of no more than forty days for trimming the moustache, clipping the nails, plucking the armpit hairs and shaving the pubic hair.<ref>
{{cite web |title=Shaving the hairs on the testicles and around the anus - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/2602/shaving-the-hairs-on-the-testicles-and-around-the-anus |website=islamqa.info |language=en |access-date=2019-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230920/https://islamqa.info/en/answers/2602/shaving-the-hairs-on-the-testicles-and-around-the-anus |archive-date=2019-01-19 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

=== Fasting and Ramadan ===
{{quote|It is made lawful to you to go into your wives on the night of the fast; they are an apparel for you and you are an apparel for them; Allah knew that you acted unfaithfully to yourselves, so He has turned to you (mercifully) and removed from you (this burden); so now be in contact with them and seek what Allah has ordained for you, and eat and drink until the whiteness of the day becomes distinct from the blackness of the night at dawn, then complete the fast till night, and have not contact with them while you keep to the mosques; these are the limits of Allah, so do not go near them. Thus does Allah make clear His communications for men that they may guard (against evil).|{{cite quran|2|187|t=s|s=ns}}}}

According to Qura'nic verse 2:187, one may have sex during the month of Ramadan but not during the time of fasting. As such, sex during Ramadan is only permitted at night.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Anis |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236MIW/e0667 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113623/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236MIW/e0667 |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Although this passage is explicitly addressed to men, the regulations on sex in regard to fasting are universally taken to apply equally to both male and female Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual Ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |url=https://archive.org/details/sexualethicsisla00alik |url-access=limited |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/sexualethicsisla00alik/page/n156 128]}}</ref>