Editing Hindu–Islamic relations (section)

====Sufism====
{{Main|Sufism#Similarities with Eastern religions}}
{{See also|Sufi-Salafi relations#Difference in beliefs and practices}}
The 10th-century Persian polymath [[Al-Biruni]] in his book ''[[Alberuni's India|Tahaqeeq Ma Lilhind Min Makulat Makulat Fi Aliaqbal Am Marzula]]'' (Critical Study of Indian Speech: Rationally Acceptable or Rejected) discusses the similarity of some Sufism concepts with aspects of Hinduism, such as: [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] with [[ruh]], tanasukh with [[reincarnation]], [[Moksha]] with [[Fana (Sufism)|Fanaa]], Ittihad with [[Nirvana]]: union between [[Paramatman]] in Jivatma, [[Avatar]] or Incarnation with Hulul, [[Vedanta]] with [[Wahdat al-Wujud]], [[Mujahadah]] with [[Sadhana]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Other scholars have likewise compared the [[Sufism|Sufi]] concept of [[Sufi metaphysics|Waḥdat al-Wujūd]] with [[Advaita Vedanta]],<ref>Malika Mohammada ''The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India'' Aakar Books 2007 {{ISBN|978-8-189-83318-3}} page 141</ref> [[Fana (Sufism)|Fanaa]] to [[Samadhi]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> [[Muraqaba]] to [[Dhyana in Buddhism|Dhyana]] and [[tariqa]] to the [[Noble Eightfold Path]].<ref name = "Tf">{{cite book |last1=Mohammada |first1=Malika |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2007 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-89833-18-3 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA90 |access-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Sufi theologian [[Martin Lings]] says,
{{blockquote|Prince Dara Shikoh (d.1619), the Sufi son of the Mogul Emperor Shah Jahan, was able to affirm that Sufism and Advaita Vedantism [Hinduism] are essentially the same, with a surface difference of terminology.<ref name="rim">{{cite web |title=Sufism |url=http://www.rim.org/muslim/sufism.htm |publisher=rim.org |access-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025045914/http://www.rim.org/muslim/sufism.htm |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref>}}

[[Al-Biruni]] observed in his history of India that the fundamental ideas behind metempsychosis or reincarnation in Hinduism are not very different from the concept of the immanence of God in all things and the idea of a universal soul in some Sufi doctrines, and that for Sufis who believe in such things, "the course of metempsychosis is of no consequence".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bīrūnī |first1=Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad |title=Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about A.D. 1030 |date=1910 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner |pages= 50, 57, 58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTRIAQAAMAAJ&q=editions:ISBN1108047203 |language=en |chapter=CHAPTER V.: ON THE STATE OF THE HOULS, AND THEIR MIGRATIONS THROUGH THE WORLD IN THE METEMPSYCHOSIS. |quote=As the word of confession, "There is no god but God, Muhammad is his prophet," is the shibboleth of Islam, the Trinity that of Christianity, and the institute of the Sabbath that of Judaism, so metempsychosis is the shibboleth of the Hindu religion. Therefore he who does not believe in it does not belong to them, and is not reckoned as one of them. ... Sufi doctrine: The same doctrine is professed by those Süfi who teach that this world is a sleeping soul and yonder world a soul awake, and who at the same time admit that God is immanent în certain places-eg. in heaven in the seat and the throne of God (mentioned in the Koran). But then there are others who admit that God is immanent in the whole world, in animals, trees, and the inanimate world, which they call his universal appearance. To those who hold this view, the entering of the souls into various beings in the course of metempsychosis is of no consequence.}}</ref>

The Sufi poet [[Jalaluddin Rumi]] wrote verse that played on such themes:
{{blockquote|I died as mineral and became a plant,

I died as plant and rose to animal. I died as animal and I was man.

Why should I fear?

When was I less by dying? Yet once more I shall die as man

To soar with angels blest;

But even from angelhood I must pass on..|Jaladuddin Rumi (Translation by Arberry, A.J. Classical Persian Literature. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1958.)}}

The 9th-century Iranian mystic [[Bayazid Bostami]] is alleged to have imported certain concepts from Hindusim into his version of Sufism under the conceptual umbrella of [[baqaa]], meaning perfection.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Siddiqui | first1 = Ataullah | last2 = Waugh |  first2 = Earle H. | title = American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 16: 3 | publisher = International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) | page = 12 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vnY5DwAAQBAJ&dq=baqa+nirvana&pg=PA12 | access-date = 27 December 2021 | language = en}}</ref> [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn al-Arabi]] and [[Mansur al-Hallaj]] both referred to Muhammad as having attained perfection and titled him as ''[[Al-Insān al-Kāmil]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laliwala |first1=J. I. |title=Islamic Philosophy of Religion: Synthesis of Science Religion and Philosophy |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-476-2 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2Wz4HEoOgYC&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa&pg=PA81 |access-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chamankhah |first1=Leila |title=The Conceptualization of Guardianship in Iranian Intellectual History (1800–1989): Reading Ibn ʿArabī's Theory of Wilāya in the Shīʿa World |date=3 September 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-22692-3 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GGtDwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa&pg=PA253 |access-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Madzillah-ul-Aqdus |first1=Sultan ul Ashiqeen Hazrat Sakhi Sultan Mohammad Najib-ur-Rehman |title=Sultan-Bahoo-The Life and Teachings |date=11 March 2015 |publisher=Sultan ul Faqr Publications |isbn=978-969-9795-18-3 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlyMAwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa&pg=PA299 |access-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bahoo |first1=Sultan ul Arifeen Hazrat Sakhi Sultan |title=Risala Roohi Sharif (The Divine Soul): English Translation and Exegesis with Persian Text |date=2015 |publisher=Sultan ul Faqr Publications |isbn=978-969-9795-28-2 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeZGCwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa+muhammad&pg=PA58 |access-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Clinton |title=In Search of Muhammad |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-304-70401-9 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADytAwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa+muhammad&pg=PA190 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Clinton |title=In Search of Muhammad |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-304-70401-9 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADytAwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa+muhammad&pg=PA190 |access-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The Sufism concept of ''hulul'' has similarly been compared with the idea of [[Ishvaratva]], that God dwells in some creatures in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]], and [[godhood]] of [[Jesus]] in [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicholls |first1=Ruth J. |last2=Riddell |first2=Peter G. |title=Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart |date=31 July 2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-5748-2 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdz0DwAAQBAJ&dq=avatar+sufism&pg=PA181 |access-date=7 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Ziaur Rahman Azmi]], a follower [[Salafism|Salafi movement]], says that the reason behind Hindus' negative perception of Islam is mostly the spread of [[Sufism in India]], as he believes Sufism "distorts" the Islamic ideas of [[prophets in Islam|prophethood]] and [[Tawheed|Monotheism]]. He claims Sufism includes idolatry, pointing to Sufi mausoleums and the practices of [[Tawaf]] and [[Sajdah]] that occur at them.<ref name="A">{{cite book |last1=Ajmi |first1=Ziaur Rahman |title=হিন্দু, বৌদ্ধ, জৈন, শিখ ধর্মের ইতিহাস (History of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism) |last2=Kasemi |first2=Mahiuddin |date=5 June 2021 |publisher=Kalantar Prokashoni |isbn=978-984-95932-8-7 |pages=20, 21–30, 36–39, 101–102, 105–106, 173–174 |language=Bengali}}</ref>