Editing Islamic sexual jurisprudence (section)

== Contraception ==

The Qur'an does not contain explicit text regarding contraception. Muslims refer to the hadith on the question of contraception. According to Muslim scholars, birth control is permitted, when it is temporary and for a valid reason.<ref name="amjaonline">
{{cite web |author1=Dr. Hatem al-Haj |title=Fatwa-76792 - Getting my tubes tied: female sterilization |url=http://www.amjaonline.org/fatwa-76792/info |website=www.amjaonline.org |accessdate=9 October 2018 |date=2008-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413031826/http://www.amjaonline.org/fatwa-76792/info |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}
</ref> The companions of Muhammad are cited when addressing this issue. For example, Jabir, one of Muhammad's companions, relates a hadith in which a man came to Muhammad and said {{Quote|"I have a slave girl, and we need her as a servant and around the palm groves. I have had sex with her, but I am afraid of her becoming pregnant." The Prophet responded, ″Practice [[coitus interruptus]] with her if you so wish, for she will receive what has been predestined for her.″<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sachedina |first=Zulie |title=Islam, Procreation and the Law |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |year=1990 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=107–111 |jstor=2133308 |doi=10.2307/2133308 }}</ref>}} As such, the withdrawal method of contraception is allowed according to the hadith. Muslim jurists concur with its permissibility<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Kecia |title=Sexual ethics and Islam: feminist reflections on Qur'an, hadith, and jurisprudence |year=2006 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford}}</ref> and use analogical deduction to approve other forms of contraception (e.g. [[condom]] usage).<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e358 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230901/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e358 |archivedate=2014-02-01 }}</ref> Supporting [[Sunnah]] include:

{{Quote|A man said: "Apostle of Allah, I have a slave-girl and I withdraw from her (while having intercourse), and I dislike that she becomes pregnant. I intend (by intercourse) what the men intend by it. The Jews say that withdrawal method (Al-azl) is like burying the living girls on a small scale." He (the Prophet) said: "The Jews told a lie. If Allah intends to create it, you cannot turn it away."<ref>{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|11|2166}}</ref>|{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|11|2166}}}}

{{Quote|"O Allah's Apostle! We get female captives as our share of booty, and we are interested in their prices, what is your opinion about coitus interruptus?" The Prophet said, "Do you really do that? It is better for you not to do it. No soul that which Allah has destined to exist, but will surely come into existence."<ref>{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|3|34|432}}</ref>|{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|3|34|432}}}}

===Sterilization===
It is not permitted to carry out operations on men or women that will lead to complete sterility, such as cutting the vas deferens ([[vasectomy]]) in men, or removing the ovaries or womb ([[hysterectomy]] or [[Tubal ligation|ligation]]) in women. Irreversible methods of contraception and birth control called [[Sterilization (medicine)|sterilization]] are not allowed for both male and female, except in the case of the wife who becomes terminally ill and perpetually incapable of having babies.<ref name="Iqainfo-sterility">
{{cite web |author1=[[Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid]] |title=Ruling on surgery that causes sterility |url=https://islamqa.info/en/2160 |website=[[Islamqa.info]] |accessdate=13 September 2018 |date=1998-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211622/https://islamqa.info/en/2160 |archive-date=2018-10-13 |url-status=live }}
</ref> Therefore, if the sterilization is irreversible and cannot be undone, it will not be permissible unless the woman is terminally ill.<ref>
{{cite web |author1=Yusuf Laher |title=Are Muslim women allowed to have sterilization? |url=http://islamqa.org/hanafi/askmufti/44911 |accessdate=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092758/http://islamqa.org/hanafi/askmufti/44911 |archive-date=2018-10-09 |url-status=live }}
</ref> Under normal circumstances, sterilization is considered to be absolutely and decidedly prohibited in Shari’ah. The irreversible nature associated with both the male and female sterilizations clearly contradicts one of the primary purposes of marriage which is to have children, as mentioned by [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazali]] in his [[Ihya’ Ulum al-Din]]. 
Furthermore, sterilization is a form of mutilation of one's body (muthla), which has been clearly forbidden in the Shari’ah. Allah Most High mentions in [[An-Nisa]] the words of [[Satan]], when he said:

{{Quote|"I will mislead them, and I will create in them false desires; I will order them to slit the ears of cattle and to deface the (fair) nature created by Allah."|[[An-Nisa]]:119}}

However, in cases of absolute necessity, sterilization does become permitted. The well-known principle of Islamic jurisprudence based on the guidelines of the Qur’an and Hadith states: {{Quote|"Necessities make prohibitions lawful."| (Ibn Nujaym, Al-Ashbah wa al-Naza’ir 85)}}<ref name="DI">
{{cite web |author1=Muhammad ibn Adam |title=Permanent Contraception (Female Sterlisation) - Does Intention affect Permissibility? |url=http://www.daruliftaa.com/node/5114?txt_QuestionID |website=[[Darul Ifta]] |accessdate=10 September 2018 |date=2 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092820/http://www.daruliftaa.com/node/5114?txt_QuestionID |archive-date=2018-10-09 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

Being sterilized permanently may mean one of two things: 
# – It may be done out of necessity, such as if it is determined by trustworthy medicinal evidence that pregnancy will pose a danger to the mother's life, and there is no hope of a cure, so permanent sterilization will ward off that danger. In this case it is permissible to be sterilized. 
# – When there is no need for it. Undoubtedly in this case it is a criminal act and a major sin, because it is a transgression against the creation of Allaah for no reason, and preventing the production of offspring which was encouraged by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), and being ungrateful for the blessing of children which Allaah bestows upon His creation. And it is not permissible to do anything that will put a stop to pregnancy.<ref>It says in al-Insaaf: It says in al-Faa’iq (1/383).</ref>

The [[Islamic Fiqh Council]] stated the following:

{{Quote|It is haraam to sterilize both men and women, if there is no necessary reason for doing so unless there is a necessity which is to be determined according to the guidelines set out by sharee’ah. It is permissible to take temporary measures to space pregnancies or prevent them for a limited period of time, if there is a legitimate shar’i need to do so, so long as this decision is made on the basis of mutual consultation and approval between the spouses. That is subject to the condition that no harm should result from that, and that the means should be acceptable according to sharee’ah, and that there should be no harm caused to an existing pregnancy.|Islamic Fiqh Council, report no. 39 (1/5)}}

Based on this, if preventing pregnancy is for a legitimate reason as outlined above, then there is nothing to do anything. But if it was not for a necessary reason, then sterilizing is prohibited.<ref name="IQA3">
{{cite web |author1=[[Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid]] |title=She had injections to make her infertile – what is the ruling on that? |url=https://islamqa.info/en/47196 |accessdate=9 October 2018 |date=2004-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009132028/https://islamqa.info/en/47196 |archive-date=2018-10-09 |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref name="iqs">
{{cite web |author1=[[Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid]] |title=Ruling on having one's tubes tied or having a hysterectomy because pregnancy exhausts her and temporary methods of contraception do not work for h |url=https://islamqa.info/en/258382 |website=[[Islamqa.info]] |accessdate=10 September 2018 |date=2017-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009132016/https://islamqa.info/en/258382 |archive-date=2018-10-09 |url-status=live }}
</ref>

===Castration===
[[Castration]] is removal of the testicles. The Arabic word translated here as castration may also refer to removal of the testicles and penis. Some scholars differentiated between the two and said: If his testicles only are cut off, then he is a eunuch; if his penis is cut off, then he is emasculated. 
It is prohibited for a person to do that deliberately to himself or to someone else. Castration of the human is prohibited in Islam,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Junius P. |title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery |date=1997 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-87436-885-7 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=RA1-PA261&dq=castration+in+islam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDpsvIkdLpAhWXbn0KHSSuA54Q6AEIPDAD |accessdate=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Favazza |first1=Armando R. |title=Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry |date=1996 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5300-5 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=BwQT9fdZNdgC&pg=PA182&dq=castration+in+islam&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDpsvIkdLpAhWXbn0KHSSuA54Q6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=castration%20in%20islam&f=false |accessdate=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> whether he is a child or an adult, because of the prohibition on hadith on that.<ref name="IQA.org">
{{cite web |title=Is Castration Permissible? |url=http://islamqa.org/hanafi/mahmoodiyah/53845 |website=Islamqa.org |accessdate=9 October 2018 |date=20 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092813/http://islamqa.org/hanafi/mahmoodiyah/53845 |archive-date=2018-10-09 |url-status=live }}
</ref> [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]] said:
{{quote|it is prohibited, therefore it is haraam, and there is no difference of opinion concerning that in the case of the sons of Adam (i.e., humans).}} 
Among the reports that confirm this prohibition is the following prophet Muhammad's era, when some followers wanted to be castrated in abstance of their wives, but the prophet forbade it and permitted three days [[Nikah mut'ah|temporary marriage]] for them for a certain period, but after the period he declared it permanently forbidden:

{{quote|Abdullah (b. Mas'ud) reported: We were on an expedition with Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) and we had no women with us. We said: Should we not have ourselves castrated? He (the Holy Prophet) forbade us to do so He then granted us permission that we should contract temporary marriage for a stipulated period giving her a garment, and 'Abdullah then recited this verse: 'Those who believe do not make unlawful the good things which Allah has made lawful for you, and do not transgress. Allah does not like trangressers" (al-Qur'an, v. 87).|[[Sahih Bukhari]], Chapter: 62, Hadith no: 11, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|1404}}}}

{{quote|Sabra al-Juhanni reported on the authority of his father that while he was with Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon hm) he said: 0 people, I had permitted you to contract temporary marriage with women, but Allah has forbidden it (now) until the Day of Resurrection. So he who has any (woman with this type of marriage contract) he should let her off, and do not take back anything you have given to then (as dower).|[[Sahih Muslim]]: Book 008, Number 3255}}

{{quote|According to the hadeeth of Sa‘d ibn Abi Waqqaas: The Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) forbade ‘Uthmaan ibn Maz’oon to be celibate. If he had given him permission, we would have gotten ourselves castrated.|[[Sahih Bukhari]], Chapter: 62, Hadith no: 12, {{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|muslim|1402}}}}

{{quote|It was narrated from Salamah bin Rawh bin Zinba', that : his grandfather came to the Prophet and he had castrated a slave of his. The Prophet manumitted the slave in compensation for having been mutilated.|[https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah/21 Ibn Majah, Vol. 3, Book 21, Hadith 2679]}}

{{quote|Narrated Qatadah: Samurah reported the Messenger of Allah as saying: Whoever kills his slave we shall kill him, and whoever cuts the nose of his slave we shall cut off his nose. If anyone castrates his slave, we shall castrate him.|[https://sunnah.com/abudawud/41 Sunan Abi Dawud 4516], [[Bulugh Al-Maram]]: [https://sunnah.com/bulugh/9Book 9, Hadith 120],}}

[[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]] said, commenting on these hadiths:

The reason behind the prohibition on castration is that it is contrary to what the Lawgiver wants of increasing reproduction to ensure continuation of struggle against the [[Kafir|disbelievers]]. Otherwise, if permission had been given for that, then many people would have done that, and reproduction would have ceased, and the numbers of Muslims would have become less as a result, and the numbers of non-Muslims would have increased, and that is contrary to the religious purpose.<ref name="IQAC">
{{cite web |author1=[[Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid]] |title=126987: The ruling on castration |url=https://islamqa.info/en/126987 |website=[[Islamqa.info]] |date=2015-02-14 |access-date=2018-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009131944/https://islamqa.info/en/126987 |archive-date=2018-10-09 |url-status=live }}
</ref>