Editing Islamic sexual jurisprudence (section)

=== Homosexuality ===
{{main|Zina|Homosexuality and Islam}}
The Qur'an strictly prohibits [[homosexuality]]<ref name=IslamQA>{{cite web | url=http://islamqa.info/en/10050 | title=Why does Islam forbid lesbianism and homosexuality? | publisher=[[Islamqa.info]] | accessdate=9 May 2015 | author=[[Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid]] | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503131158/http://islamqa.info/en/10050 | archivedate=3 May 2015 }}</ref> through the story of [[Lot (Biblical)|Lot]] (see verses 7:80-84, 26:165-166, 11:69-83, 29:28-35 of the Qur'an; which is also rendered in the Biblical [[Book of Genesis]]), in Al-Nisa, Al-Araf and possibly verses in other surahs.<ref name=adang>Camilla Adang (2003), Ibn Hazam on Homosexuality, [[:fr:Qantara|Al Qantara]], Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 5-31</ref><ref name=somwr>Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe (1997), Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature, {{ISBN|978-0814774687}}, New York University Press, pp. 88-94</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Michaelson|first=Jay|title=God Vs. Gay? The Religious Case for Equality|year=2011|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|isbn=9780807001592|pages=[https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68 68–69]|url=https://archive.org/details/godvsgayreligiou00mich/page/68}}</ref> For example, this was the verse addressed directly to Muhammad and his followers:

{{quote|We also sent Lot: He said to his people: "Do ye commit lewdness such as no people in creation (ever) committed before you? For ye practice your lusts on men in preference to women: ye are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds."|{{cite quran|7|80|end=81|s=ns}}}}
 
In another verse, it has been also pointed out,

{{quote|Do you approach males among the worlds And leave what your Lord has created for you as mates? But you are a people transgressing.|{{cite quran|26|165|end=166|s=ns}}, trans. Sahih International}}

{{quote|If two (men) among you are guilty of lewdness, punish them both. If they repent and amend, Leave them alone; for Allah is Oft-returning, Most Merciful.|{{cite quran|4|16|s=ns|t=y}}}}

The Hadiths consider homosexuality as zina, and male homosexuals to be punished with death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://islamqa.info/en/38622|title=The punishment for homosexuality|website=www.islamqa.info|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402014822/https://islamqa.info/en/38622|archivedate=2017-04-02}}</ref> For example, Abu Dawud states,<ref name=somwr/><ref name=mohelawa>Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), Punishment In Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, {{ISBN|978-0892591428}}</ref>

{{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: The Prophet said: If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did,<ref>The [[sunnah]] and [[sura]]h describe the Lot's people in context of homosexuality and sodomy such as any form of sex between a man and woman that does not involve penetration of man's penis in woman's vagina.</ref> kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done.|{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|38|4447}}, [https://muflihun.com/tirmidhi/15/1456 Al-Tirmidhi, 15:1456], [https://muflihun.com/ibnmajah/20/2561 Ibn Maajah, 20:2561]}}

{{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: If a man who is not married is seized committing [[sodomy]], he will be stoned to death.|{{Hadith-usc|usc=yes|abudawud|38|4448}}}}

[[Al-Nuwayri]] (1272–1332) in his ''Nihaya'' reports that Muhammad is "alleged to have said what he feared most for his community were the practices of the people of Lot (he seems to have expressed the same idea in regard to wine and female seduction)."<ref name="autogenerated1983">{{Cite encyclopedia|year= 1983 | title=Liwāṭ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill | editor-last = Bearman | editor-first = P.  | editor-last2 = Bianquis | editor-first2 = Th.  | editor-last3 = Bosworth | editor-first3 = C.E.  | editor-last4 = van Donzel  | editor-first4 = E.  | editor-last5 = Heinrichs | editor-first5 = W.P.| doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677 }}</ref>

{{quote|It was narrated that Jaabir: “The Prophet said: ‘There is nothing I fear for my followers more than the deed of the people of Lot.’”|[https://muflihun.com/tirmidhi/15/1457 Al-Tirmidhi: 1457], [https://muflihun.com/ibnmajah/20/2563 Ibn Maajah: 2563]}}

All major [[Islam]]ic schools disapprove of homosexuality,<ref name= "IslamQA"/><ref>
See, for example, [http://thetruereligion.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=45 this website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015417/http://thetruereligion.org/modules/wfsection/article.php?articleid=45 |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> Islam views same-sex desires as an unnatural temptation; and, sexual relations are seen as a transgression of the natural role and aim of sexual activity.<ref>[http://www.alinaam.org.za/library/homos.htm "Homosexuality in the Light of Islam"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317063348/http://www.alinaam.org.za/library/homos.htm |date=2008-03-17 }} , 20 September 2003</ref> Islamic teachings (in the ''[[hadith]]'' tradition) presume same-sex attraction, extol abstention and (in the [[Qur'an]]) condemn consummation.

Most of the jurists believe there should be severe punishments according to the above Quranic and prophetic orders, such as death or floggings,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://islamqa.info/en/38622 | title=The punishment for homosexuality | publisher=[[Islamqa.info]] | accessdate=9 May 2015 | author=[[Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid]] | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502224203/http://islamqa.info/en/38622 | archivedate=2 May 2015 }}</ref> while some others disagree.<ref name="Moosa">{{cite web |last=Moosa |first=Ebrahim |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500144&v=2.1&u=nysl_ce_colgul&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA}}</ref> Early [[caliph]]s were known to have had both of the male partners executed in various ways.<ref name="Rowson">{{cite web |last=Rowson |first=Everett |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3403500196&v=2.1&u=nysl_ce_colgul&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref> Some other jurists believe that there is no punishment that will serve as an effective purgative for this act, and therefore its immorality precludes an earthly punishment.<ref name="Moosa"/> Some jurists are so morally offended by homosexuality that just the discussion around it is cause for excommunication and anathematizing.<ref name="Moosa"/>

The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is primarily concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few hadith mentioning homosexual behavior in women;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Al-Hurr al-Aamili|authorlink1=Al-Hurr al-Aamili|title=Wasā'il al-Shīʿa|title-link=Wasā'il al-Shīʿa|script-title=ar: وسائل الشيعة|trans-title=Things of the followers|language=Arabic|at=Hadith number 34467-34481}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Atighetchi|first1=Dariusch|title=Islamic bioethics problems and perspectives|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|location=New York|isbn=9781402049620|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdm9V89lW3IC&pg=PA149|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331225354/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdm9V89lW3IC&pg=PA149|archivedate=31 March 2018}}</ref> the jurists are agreed that "there is no hadd punishment for lesbianism, because it is not [[zina]]. Rather a ta’zeer punishment must be imposed, because it is a sin..'".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/21058|title=The punishment for lesbianism|publisher=www.islamqa.com|accessdate=11 December 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514054145/http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/21058|archivedate=14 May 2013}}</ref> Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, [[al-Tabari]] records an example of the casual execution of a pair of lesbian slavegirls in the [[Harem (household)|harem]] of [[al-Hadi]], in a collection of highly critical anecdotes pertaining to that [[Caliph|Caliph's]] actions as ruler.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bosworth|first=C.E.|title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 30: The 'Abbasid Caliphate in Equilibrium: The Caliphates of Musa al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid A.D. 785-809/A.H. 169-193|year=1989|publisher=SUNY Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wqf1gwM9O58C&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Tabari+lesbian+Caliph+al-Hadi#v=onepage&q=Tabari%20lesbian%20Caliph%20al-Hadi&f=false|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163939/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqf1gwM9O58C&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Tabari+lesbian+Caliph+al-Hadi&source=bl&ots=BEsfAzmpXj&sig=euUAWk4eDKk4Q0pxtRgx5Uo-ZMo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nooiUr7BGcTxhQff9oGQBQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Tabari%20lesbian%20Caliph%20al-Hadi&f=false|archivedate=2015-09-24|isbn=9780887065644}}</ref> Some jurists viewed sexual intercourse as possible only for an individual who possesses a [[phallus]];<ref name="Omar">{{cite web |last=Omar |first=Sara |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Law |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0010 |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |accessdate=3 May 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908183225/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0010 |archivedate=8 September 2015 }}</ref> hence those definitions of sexual intercourse that rely on the entry of as little of the [[Corona of glans penis|corona of the phallus]] into a partner's orifice.<ref name="Omar"/> Since women do not possess a phallus and cannot have intercourse with one another, they are, in this interpretation, physically incapable of committing [[zina|zinā]].<ref name="Omar"/>