Editing Muhammad ﷺ (section)

==Final years==

===Conquest of Mecca===
{{Main|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca}}
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<div class="depiction">
[[File:Siyer-i Nebi 298a.jpg|thumb|upright|A depiction of Muhammad (with veiled face) advancing on Mecca from [[Siyer-i Nebi]], a 16th-century [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] manuscript. The angels Gabriel, Michael, Israfil and Azrail, are also shown.]]
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The [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah|truce of Hudaybiyyah]] was enforced for two years.{{sfn|Khan|1998|p=274}}<ref name="Lings_291">Lings (1987), p. 291.</ref> The tribe of [[Banu Khuza'a]] had good relations with Muhammad, whereas their enemies, the [[Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat|Banu Bakr]], had allied with the Meccans.{{sfn|Khan|1998|p=274}}<ref name="Lings_291" /> A clan of the Bakr made a night raid against the Khuza'a, killing a few of them.{{sfn|Khan|1998|p=274}}<ref name=Lings_291 /> The Meccans helped the Banu Bakr with weapons and, according to some sources, a few Meccans also took part in the fighting.{{sfn|Khan|1998|p=274}} After this event, Muhammad sent a message to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. These were: either the Meccans would pay [[Blood money (term)|blood money]] for the slain among the Khuza'ah tribe, they disavow themselves of the Banu Bakr, or they should declare the truce of Hudaybiyyah null.{{sfn|Khan|1998|pp=274-275}}

The Meccans replied that they accepted the last condition.{{sfn|Khan|1998|pp=274-275}} Soon they realized their mistake and sent [[Abu Sufyan]] to renew the Hudaybiyyah treaty, a request that was declined by Muhammad.

Muhammad began to prepare for a campaign.<ref>Lings (1987), p. 292.</ref> In 630, Muhammad marched on Mecca with 10,000 Muslim converts. With minimal casualties, Muhammad seized control of Mecca.{{sfn|Watt|1956|p=66}} He declared an amnesty for past offences, except for ten men and women who were "guilty of murder or other offences or had sparked off the war and disrupted the peace".<ref name=Subhani>''The Message'' by Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani, [http://www.al-islam.org/message/49.htm#n582 chapter 48] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502163638/http://www.al-islam.org/message/49.htm |date=2 May 2012 }} referencing Sirah by [[Ibn Hisham]], vol. II, page 409.</ref> Some of these were later pardoned.<ref>Rodinson (2002), p. 261.</ref> Most Meccans converted to Islam and Muhammad proceeded to destroy all the statues of [[Pre-Islamic Arabian gods|Arabian gods]] in and around the Kaaba.<ref>Harold Wayne Ballard, Donald N. Penny, W. Glenn Jonas (2002), p. 163.</ref> According to reports collected by [[Ibn Ishaq]] and [[al-Azraqi]], Muhammad personally spared paintings or frescos of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] and Jesus, but other traditions suggest that all pictures were erased.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah" |publisher=Oxford University Press |last=Guillaume |first=Alfred |author-link=Alfred Guillaume |date=1955 |page=552 |isbn=978-0-19-636033-1 |quote=Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary. |url=https://archive.org/details/IbnIshaq-SiratRasulAllah-translatorA.Guillaume |access-date=8 December 2011}}</ref> The Quran discusses the conquest of Mecca.<ref name="Rubin" /><ref>{{qref|110|1–3|b=y}}.</ref>

=== Subduing the Hawazin and Thaqif and the expedition to Tabuk ===
{{Main|Battle of Hunayn|Expedition of Tabuk}}

[[File:Muslim Conquest.PNG|thumb|Conquests of Muhammad (green lines) and the Rashidun caliphs (black lines). Shown: Byzantine empire (North and West) & Sassanid-Persian empire (Northeast).]]Upon learning that Mecca had fallen to the Muslims, the [[Hawazin|Banu Hawazin]] gathered their entire tribe, including their families, to fight.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=320–1}} They are estimated to have around 4,000 warriors.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=321}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=181}} Muhammad led 12,000 soldiers to raid them, but they surprised him at Wadi Hunayn.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=182}} The Muslims overpowered them and took their women, children and animals.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=186}} Muhammad then turned his attention to [[Taif]], a city that was famous for its vineyards and gardens. He ordered them to be destroyed and besieged the city, which was surrounded by walls. After 15–20 days of failing to breach their defenses, he abandoned the attempts.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=325}}{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=225}}

When he divided the plentiful loot acquired at Hunayn among his soldiers, the rest of the Hawazin converted to Islam{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=263–4}} and implored Muhammad to release their children and women, reminding him that he had been nursed by some of those women when he was a baby. He complied but held on to the rest of the plunder. Some of his men opposed giving away their portions, so he compensated them with six camels each from subsequent raids.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=326}} Muhammad distributed a big portion of the booty to the new converts from the [[Quraysh]]. [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]] and two of his sons, [[Mu'awiya I|Muawiyya]] and [[Yazid I|Yazid]], got 100 camels individually.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=264}}{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=327}} The [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]], who had fought bravely in the battle, but received close to nothing, were unhappy with this.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=328}}{{Sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=189}} One of them remarked, "It is not with such gifts that one seeks God's face." Disturbed by this utterance, Muhammad retorted, "He changed color."{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=264}}

Roughly 10 months after he captured Mecca, Muhammad took his army to attack the wealthy border provinces of [[Syria Prima|Byzantine Syria]].{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=274}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=191}} Several motives are proposed, including avenging the defeat at Mu'tah and earning vast booty.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=192–4}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=274–5}} Because of the drought and severe heat at that time, some of the Muslims refrained from participating. This led to the revelation of Quran 9:38 which rebuked those slackers.{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=192–3}} When Muhammad and his army reached [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], there were no hostile forces present.<ref>M.A. al-Bakhit, ''Tabuk'', [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]].</ref> However, he was able to force some of the local chiefs to accept his rule and pay [[jizya]]. A group under [[Khalid ibn al-Walid|Khalid ibn Walid]] that he sent for a raid also managed to acquire some booty including 2,000 camels and 800 cattle.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=230}}

The Hawazin's acceptance of Islam resulted in Taif losing its last major ally.{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=188}} After enduring a year of unrelenting thefts and terror attacks from the Muslims following the siege, the people of Taif, known as the [[Banu Thaqif]], finally reached a tipping point and acknowledged that embracing Islam was the most sensible path for them.{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=226}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=269}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=189}}

===Farewell pilgrimage===
<!------------
  PLEASE NOTE:
The consensus to include images of Muhammad emerged after extensive months-long discussions and efforts on both sides to balance multiple competing interests. Please do not remove or reposition these images because you feel they are against your religion. Please do not add more images or reposition the current ones to prove a point. To avoid pointless revert-warring, blocking and page protection, please discuss any prospective changes on the talk page. Thank you for contributing to Wikipedia.
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{{Main|Farewell Pilgrimage}}
{{See also|Ghadir Khumm}}
<div class="depiction">
[[File:Maome.jpg|thumb|Anonymous illustration of [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|al-Bīrūnī]]'s ''[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]]'', depicting Muhammad [[Islamic calendar#Prohibiting Nasī'|prohibiting Nasī']] during the [[Farewell Pilgrimage]], 17th-century Ottoman copy of a 14th-century ([[Ilkhanate]]) manuscript (Edinburgh codex)]]
</div>On February 631, Muhammad received a revelation granting idolaters four months of grace, after which the Muslims would attack, kill, and plunder them wherever they met.{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=344–5, 359}}{{sfn|Gabriel|2014|p=200}}

During the 632 pilgrimage season, Muhammad personally led the ceremonies and gave a sermon. Among the key points highlighted are said to have been the prohibition of usury and vendettas related to past murders from the pre-Islamic era; the brotherhood of all Muslims; and the adoption of twelve lunar months without [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalation]].{{sfn|Glubb|2001|p=358}}{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=285–6}} He also reaffirmed that husbands had the right to discipline and strike their wives without excessive force if they were unfaithful or misbehaved. He explained that wives were entrusted to their husbands and, if obedient, deserved to be provided with food and clothing, as they were gifts from God for personal enjoyment.{{sfn|Phipps|2016|p=140}}