Editing Islamic sexual jurisprudence (section)

=== Masturbation ===
{{main|Islam and masturbation}}
According to majority jurists, masturbation is generally considered Haram or prohibited in Islam.<ref name="Shia">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.al-islam.org/marriage-and-morals-islam-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/chapter-three-islamic-sexual-morality-2-its#b-masturbation |chapter=3. The Islamic Sexual Morality (2) Its Structure |title=Marriage and Morals in Islam |first=Muhammad |last=Rizvi |date=1994 |place=Scarborough, ON, Canada |publisher=Islamic Education and Information Center |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104184611/http://www.al-islam.org/marriage-and-morals-islam-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/chapter-three-islamic-sexual-morality-2-its#b-masturbation |archivedate=2016-01-04 }}</ref><ref>The Lawful And The Prohibited In Islam, Yusuf Al-Qardawi - 1997</ref><ref name="auto">The New Arab Man: Emergent Masculinities, Technologies, and Islam in the Middle East, p 168, Marcia C. Inhorn - 2012</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://islamqa.info/en/329|title=Ruling on masturbation and how to cure the problem|website=www.islamqa.info|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617182732/https://islamqa.info/en/329|archivedate=2017-06-17}}</ref> But there are varying opinions among few jurists on the permissibility of masturbation. The Qur'an has been cited as being ambiguous on the issue of masturbation. The hadith regarding masturbation are, too, not considered to take a definitive stance on the subject. As such, positions on masturbation vary widely.<ref name="oxfordislamicstudies.com">{{cite web |last=Omar |first=Sara |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153420/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0011 |archivedate=2016-11-14 }}</ref> According to alDin Tarbiyyah, it is permissible if done out of necessity.<ref>Islam, Gender, and Social Change - Page 28, Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, John L. Esposito - 1998</ref> He also permitted masturbation as a means whereby soldiers, far away from their wives on a tour of duty may remain chaste. The four [[Sunni]] schools of [[jurisprudence]] (known as Madhaahib - the ''Hanafi'', ''Shafi'i'', ''Maliki'' and ''Hanbali'' schools of ''Fiqh'') have differing stances on the issue. Some see it forbidden in certain cases (i.e. if it leads a man/woman to ignore their spouse sexually) but recommended it when they see it as a lesser evil to illicit sex. It is generally prohibited according to the [[Hanafi]] and [[Hanbali]] Mazhabs, unless one fears adultery or fornication, or is under the desire pressure, in which case, it is permissible to seek a relief through masturbation. According to Ahmed ibn Hanbal, it is permissible for prisoners, travellers and for men and women who have difficulty in finding a lawful spouse.<ref name="auto"/> It is prohibited all the time according to the [[Maliki]] and [[Shafi`i]] Mazhabs.<ref>[http://nikah.com/marriage/islam_part1.asp Marriage in Islam - Part 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127060711/http://nikah.com/marriage/islam_part1.asp |date=2010-11-27 }} by Hussein Khalid Al-Hussein, Ph.D. Refer to: Section Al-`Alaqat Al-Mubahah (Allowed Relationships)</ref> It is [[haram]] in [[Shia Islam|Shi'ite]] jurisprudence.<ref name= "Shia"/> There has always been a view to permit masturbation as the lesser of two evils (so as to ward of falling into fornication).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Inhorn |first=Marcia |title=Masturbation, Semen Collection and Men's IVF Experiences: Anxieties in |journal=Body & Society |year=2007 |volume=13 |issue=37|pages=37–53 |doi=10.1177/1357034X07082251 }}</ref> Thus it is categorically incorrect to state that all Islamic scholars of the early Islamic age have unanimously agreed upon its complete prohibition. Those few jurists who permits masturbation in different cases, they distinguish between those who masturbate out of necessity and those who have these means yet still masturbate to gratify their lust.<ref name="oxfordislamicstudies.com"/>