Editing Political aspects of Islam (section)

====Contemporary movements====
Some common political currents in Islam include:
*[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Traditionalist theology (Islam)|Traditionalism]], which accepts traditional commentaries on the [[Quran]], [[Hadith|''hadith'' literature]], and ''[[sunnah]]'', and "takes as its basic principle imitation (''[[taqlid]]''), that is, refusal to innovate", follows one of the [[Madhhab|four legal schools]] or ''Madh'hab'' ([[Shafiʽi school|Shafiʽi]], [[Maliki]], [[Hanafi]], [[Hanbali]]), and may include [[Sufism]]. An example of Sufi traditionalism is the [[Barelvi|Barelvi school]] in [[Pakistan]].<ref>Olivier Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', (1994) pp.30–31</ref>
*[[Islamic fundamentalism|Fundamentalist reformism]] or [[Islamic revival|revivalism]], which criticizes the [[Kalam|Islamic scholastic tradition]], the [[Tafsir|commentaries]], popular religious practices such as [[Ziyarat|visitation to]] and [[Veneration#Islam|veneration]] of the [[Wali|shrines and tombs of Muslim saints]], perceived deviations and superstitions; it aims to return to the [[Islamic holy books|founding scriptures of Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Said A. |title=The Search for Fundamentals |year=1995 |chapter=The Search for Fundamentals and Islamic Fundamentalism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx6hBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |editor1-last=van Vucht Tijssen |editor1-first=Lieteke |editor2-last=Berting |editor2-first=Jan |editor3-last=Lechner |editor3-first=Frank |location=[[Dordrecht]] |publisher=[[Springer Verlag]] |doi=10.1007/978-94-015-8500-2_2 |pages=27–39 |isbn=978-0-7923-3542-9}}</ref> This fundamentalist reformism generally developed in response to a perceived external threat (for example, the [[Hindu–Islamic relations|influence of Hinduism on Islam]]). 18th-century examples of fundamentalist Muslim reformers are [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] in [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="Ibrahim 2006">{{cite journal |last=Ibrahim |first=Hassan Ahmed |date=January 2006 |title=Shaykh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb and Shāh Walī Allāh: A Preliminary Comparison of Some Aspects of their Lifes and Careers |editor1-last=Son |editor1-first=Joonmo |editor2-last=Thompson |editor2-first=Eric C. |journal=Asian Journal of Social Science |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=103–119 |doi=10.1163/156853106776150126 |eissn=1568-5314 |issn=1568-4849 |jstor=23654402}}</ref> and [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]] in the [[Arabian peninsula]],<ref name="Ibrahim 2006"/><ref name="Laoust2012">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Laoust |first=H. |title=Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb |orig-date=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref><ref name="Haykel2013">{{cite book |last=Haykel |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Haykel |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA231 |chapter=Ibn ‛Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703-92) |year=2013 |editor1-last=Böwering |editor1-first=Gerhard |editor1-link=Gerhard Böwering |editor2-last=Crone |editor2-first=Patricia |editor2-link=Patricia Crone |editor3-last=Kadi |editor3-first=Wadad |editor4-last=Mirza |editor4-first=Mahan |editor5-last=Stewart |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-link=Devin J. Stewart |editor6-last=Zaman |editor6-first=Muhammad Qasim |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton, NJ]] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |pages=231–232 |isbn=978-0-691-13484-0 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Esposito2004">{{cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |year=2004 |title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA123 |chapter=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791) |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=123 |isbn=0-19-512559-2 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="Oxford2020">{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712051853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 12, 2016 |title=Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad - Oxford Islamic Studies Online |date=2020 |website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> founder of the Islamic doctrine and movement known as [[Wahhabism]].<ref name="Laoust2012" /><ref name="Haykel2013" /><ref name="Esposito2004" /><ref name="Oxford2020" /><ref>Olivier Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'' (1994), p. 31.</ref> [[Salafi movement|Salafism]] and [[Wahhabism]] [[International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|worldwide]], the [[Deobandi|Deobandi school]] in [[South Asia]] (mainly [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]), [[Ahl-i Hadith]] and [[Tablighi Jamaat]] in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and Pakistan are modern examples of fundamentalist reformism and revivalism.
*[[Islamism]] or [[political Islam]], embracing a return to the ''[[sharia]]'' or Islamic law but adopting Western terminology such as [[revolution]], [[ideology]], [[politics]], and [[democracy]], and taking a more liberal attitude towards issues like ''[[jihad]]'' and [[women's rights]].<ref>Olivier Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'' (1994), pp. 35-37.</ref> Contemporary examples include the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]], [[Muslim Brotherhood]], [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian Islamic Revolution]], [[Masyumi]] party, [[United Malays National Organisation]], [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] and [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)]].
*[[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|Liberal and progressive movements within Islam]] generally define themselves in opposition to Islamist and Islamic fundamentalist political movements, but often embrace many of their [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] and Islam-inspired liberal reformist elements.<ref name="Kurzman 1998">{{cite book |author-last=Kurzman |author-first=Charles |author-link=Charles Kurzman |year=1998 |chapter=Liberal Islam and Its Islamic Context |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4n8HSe9SfXMC&pg=PA1 |editor-last=Kurzman |editor-first=Charles |title=Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=1–26 |isbn=9780195116229 |oclc=37368975}}</ref> Liberal Muslims affirm the promotion of progressive values such as [[democracy]], [[gender equality]], [[human rights]], [[LGBT rights]], [[women's rights]], [[religious pluralism]], [[Interfaith marriage in Islam|interfaith marriage]],<ref name="Leeman 2009">{{cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |date=Spring 2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jahangir2017">{{cite news |last=Jahangir |first=Junaid |date=21 March 2017 |title=Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |url-status=live |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325020231/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |archive-date=25 March 2017 |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref> [[freedom of expression]], [[freedom of thought]], and [[freedom of religion]];<ref name="Kurzman 1998"/> opposition to [[theocracy]] and total rejection of Islamism and Islamic fundamentalism;<ref name="Kurzman 1998" /> and a modern view of [[Islamic theology]], [[Islamic ethics|ethics]], ''[[sharia]]'', [[Islamic culture|culture]], tradition, and other ritualistic practices in Islam.<ref name="Kurzman 1998" /> Liberal Islam emphasizes the re-interpretation of the Islamic scriptures in order to preserve their relevance in the 21st century.<ref name="ZubaidahRahim 2006" /><ref name="Kurzman 1998" />