Editing Muhammad ﷺ (section)

=== Conflicts with Jewish tribes ===
{{further|Muhammad's views on Jews}}

Once the ransom arrangements for the Meccan captives were finalized, he initiated a siege on the [[Banu Qaynuqa]],{{Sfn|Buhl|Welch|1993|p=370}} regarded as the weakest and wealthiest of Medina's three main Jewish tribes.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=173}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001|p=197}} Muslim sources provide different reasons for the siege, including an altercation involving [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]] and [[Ali]] in the Banu Qaynuqa market, and another version by [[Ibn Ishaq]], which tells the story of a Muslim woman being pranked by a Qaynuqa goldsmith.{{Sfn|Glubb|2001|p=197}}{{sfn|Lassner|2012|p=143}} Regardless of the cause, the Banu Qaynuqa sought refuge in their fort, where Muhammad blockaded them, cutting off their access to food supplies. The Banu Qaynuqa requested help from their Arab allies, but the Arabs refused since they were supporters of Muhammad.{{sfn|Armstrong|2013|p=20|loc=Chapter Four: Jihad}} After roughly two weeks, the Banu Qaynuqa capitulated without engaging in combat.{{sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=173}}{{Sfn|Glubb|2001|p=197}}

Following the surrender of the Qaynuqa, Muhammad was moving to execute the men of the tribe when [[Abd Allah ibn Ubayy|Abdullah ibn Ubayy]], a Muslim [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]] chieftain who had been aided by the Qaynuqa in the past encouraged Muhammad to show leniency. In a narrated incident, Muhammad turned away from Ibn Ubayy, but undeterred, the chieftain grasped Muhammad's cloak, and refused to let go until Muhammad agreed to treat the tribe leniently. Despite being angered by the incident, Muhammad spared the Qaynuqa, stipulating that they must depart Medina within three days and relinquish their property to the Muslims, with a fifth (''[[khums]]'') being retained by Muhammad.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0XmvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Qaynuqa+khums&pg=PT249 Muhammad: Biography of the Prophet. Karen Armstrong. 2023]</ref>{{efn|See:
*{{harvnb|Rodinson|2021|pp=173–4}}
*{{harvnb|Glubb|2001|pp=197–8}}
*{{harvnb|Brockopp|2010|p=72}}
*{{harvnb|Rodgers|2012|pp=109–10}}}}

Back in Medina, [[Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf]], a wealthy half-Jewish man from [[Banu Nadir]] and staunch critic of Muhammad, had just returned from Mecca after producing poetry that mourned the death of the Quraysh at Badr and aroused them to retaliate.{{Sfn|Gabriel|2007|p=107}}{{Sfn|Rodinson|2021|p=176}} When Muhammad learned of this incitement against the Muslims, he asked his followers, "Who is ready to kill Ka'b, who has hurt God and His apostle?"{{Sfn|Al-Bukhari|1997|loc=Vol. 5, no. 4037}} [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah|Ibn Maslama]] offered his services, explaining that the task would require deception. Muhammad did not contest this. He then gathered accomplices, including Ka'b's foster brother, Abu Naila. They pretended to complain about their post-conversion hardships, persuading Ka'b to lend them food. On the night of their meeting with Ka'b, they murdered him when he was caught off-guard.{{efn|See:
*{{harvnb|Rodinson|2021|p=176}}
*{{harvnb|Gabriel|2007|pp=112–4}}
*{{harvnb|Al-Bukhari|1997|loc=Vol. 5, no. 4037}}}}