Editing Political aspects of Islam (section)

===Modern political ideal of the Islamic state===
{{Main|Islamic state}}
{{See also|Islamism|Islamization|Political Islam|Political quietism in Islam}}
{{Islamism sidebar |expanded=Concepts}}

In addition to the legitimacy given by medieval scholarly opinion, nostalgia for the days of successful Islamic empires simmered under later [[Western colonialism]]. This nostalgia played a major role in the Islamist political ideal of the [[Islamic state]], a state in which Islamic law is preeminent.<ref>{{citation|title=Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: the Search for Common Ground|last=Benhenda|first=M.|date=20 September 2009 |ssrn=1475928}}</ref> The Islamist political program is generally to be accomplished by re-shaping the governments of existing Muslim nation-states; but the means of doing this varies greatly across movements and circumstances. Many [[Islamic democracy|democratic Islamist movements]], such as the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]] and [[Muslim Brotherhood]], have used the democratic process and focus on votes and coalition-building with other political parties.

[[File:Hamid Mir interviewing Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri 2001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] of [[al-Qaeda]] have promoted the overthrow of secular governments.<ref name="Gallagher 2021">{{cite book |editor1-last=Gallagher |editor1-first=Eugene V. |editor2-last=Willsky-Ciollo |editor2-first=Lydia |editor1-link=Eugene V. Gallagher |year=2021 |chapter=Al-Qaeda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Id4aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |volume=1 |pages=13–15 |isbn=978-1-4408-6235-9}}</ref><ref name="Aydinli 2018">{{cite book |last=Aydınlı |first=Ersel |year=2018 |origyear=2016 |title=Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists |chapter=The Jihadists pre-9/11 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hq1TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics |pages=65–109 |isbn=978-1-315-56139-4 |lccn=2015050373}}</ref><ref name="Moussalli 2012">{{cite book |author-last=Moussalli |author-first=Ahmad S. |year=2012 |chapter=Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Islamic Political Ideology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-LfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |editor-last=Akbarzadeh |editor-first=Shahram |title=Routledge Handbook of Political Islam |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |pages=24–26 |isbn=9781138577824 |lccn=2011025970}}</ref>]]
[[Sayyid Qutb]], an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and prominent figurehead of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt, was influential in promoting the [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamist]] [[ideology]] in the 1960s.<ref name="Polk-Qutb">{{cite book |last=Polk |first=William R. |author-link=William R. Polk |year=2018 |chapter=The Philosopher of the Muslim Revolt, Sayyid Qutb |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA370 |title=Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]] and [[London]] |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |series=The Henry L. Stimson Lectures Series |pages=370–380 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfdq.40 |isbn=978-0-300-22290-6 |jstor=j.ctv1bvnfdq.40 |lccn=2017942543}}</ref> When he was executed by the [[Egyptian government]] under the [[History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser|regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser]], [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] formed the organization [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] to replace the government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb's ideas for the [[Islamic revival]] that he yearned for.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Looming Tower]]|author=Lawrence Wright|author-link=Lawrence Wright|publisher=Knopf|year=2006|isbn=0-375-41486-X|chapter=2}}</ref> The [[Qutbism|Qutbist ideology]] has been influential on [[Jihadism|jihadist movements]] and [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorists]] that seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably [[Osama bin Laden]] and [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] of [[al-Qaeda]],<ref name="Gallagher 2021" /><ref name="Aydinli 2018" /><ref name="Moussalli 2012" /><ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite book |last=Cook |first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |year=2015 |origyear=2005 |chapter=Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 |title=Understanding Jihad |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |edition=2nd |pages=102–110 |isbn=9780520287327 |jstor=10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10 |lccn=2015010201}}</ref> as well as the [[Salafi jihadism|Salafi-jihadi]] terrorist group [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh]].<ref name="Baele 2019" /> Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and [[Anwar al-Awlaki]].<ref name="NYT: path to terror">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html?pagewanted=5&hp|title=Imam's Path From Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad|author1=Scott Shane |author2=Souad Mekhennet |author3=Robert F. Worth |name-list-style=amp |date=8 May 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Irwin">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/01/afghanistan.terrorism3 Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?"] ''[[The Guardian]]'' (1 November 2001).</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/23/magazine/the-philosopher-of-islamic-terror.html Paul Berman, "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror"], ''[[New York Times Magazine]]'' (23 March 2003).</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf Out of the Shadows: Getting ahead of prisoner radicalization]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html|title=The Evolution of Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi|author=Trevor Stanley|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |date=2007-06-09}} by Dale C. Eikmeier. From ''[[Parameters (journal)|Parameters]]'', Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.</ref>

[[Sayyid Qutb]] could be said to have founded the actual movement of [[Islamic extremism|radical Islam]].<ref name="Moussalli 2012" /><ref name="Polk-Qutb" /><ref name="Cook 2015" /> Radical Islamic movements such as al-Qaeda and the [[Taliban]] embrace the militant Islamist ideology, and were prominent for being part of the [[Soviet–Afghan War|anti-Soviet resistance in Afghanistan]] during the 1980s.<ref name=":0" /> Both of the aforementioned militant Islamist groups had a role to play in the [[September 11 attacks|September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001]], presenting both "near" and "far" enemies as regional governments and the United States respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The World Transformed, 1945 to the Present|last=Hunt|first=Michael|publisher=Oxford|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-937102-0|location=New York City|pages=495}}</ref> They also took part in the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|bombings in Madrid in 2004]] and [[7 July 2005 London bombings|London in 2005]]. The recruits often came from the ranks of [[Jihadism|jihadists]], from [[Egypt]], [[Algeria]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Morocco]].<ref name=":0" />

[[Jihadism]] has been defined otherwise as a [[neologism]] for [[militant]], predominantly [[Sunni Islam|Sunnī]] Islamic movements that use [[Violent extremism|ideologically-motivated violence]] to defend the ''[[Ummah]]'' (the collective [[Muslim world]]) from foreign [[Kafir|Non-Muslims]] and those that they perceive as [[Islam and other religions|domestic infidels]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Crenshaw |first=Martha |date=2017 |title=Transnational Jihadism & Civil Wars |url=https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article/146/4/59-70/27165 |journal=[[Daedalus (journal)|Daedalus]] |publisher=[[MIT Press]] for the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] |volume=146 |issue=4 |pages=59–70 |doi=10.1162/DAED_a_00459 |issn=0011-5266}}</ref> The term "jihadist globalism" is also often used in relation to [[Islamic terrorism]] as a [[Globalism|globalist]] ideology, and more broadly to the [[War on Terror]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Steger |author-first=Manfred B. |author-link=Manfred B. Steger |year=2011 |chapter=Jihadist Globalism versus Imperial Globalism: The Great Ideological Struggle of the Twenty-First Century? |title=The Rise of the Global Imaginary: Political Ideologies from the French Revolution to the Global War on Terror |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=213–248 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286942.003.0007 |isbn=9780191700408}}</ref> The Austrian-American academic [[Manfred B. Steger]], Professor of [[Sociology]] at the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]], proposed an extension of the term "jihadist globalism" to apply to all extremely violent strains of religiously influenced ideologies that articulate the global imaginary into concrete political agendas and terrorist strategies; these include [[al-Qaeda]], [[Jemaah Islamiyah]], [[Hamas]], and [[Hezbollah]], which he finds "today's most spectacular manifestation of religious globalism".<ref>Steger, Manfred B. ''Globalization: A Short Introduction''. 2009. [[Oxford University Press]], p. 127.</ref>