Editing Hindu–Islamic relations (section)

==Theology==
[[Islam]] is a [[Monotheism|monotheistic religion]] in which God is called [[Allah]], and the final [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] is [[Muhammad]], whom Muslims believe delivered the central Islamic scripture, the ''[[Quran|Qurān]]''.<ref name="EncyclopediaofIslam">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Gardet |author-first=Louis |year=1960 |title=Allāh |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor4-last=Lewis |editor4-first=B. |editor5-last=Pellat |editor5-first=Ch. |editor6-last=Schacht |editor6-first=J. |editor6-link=Joseph Schacht |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=1 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0047 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal faith of a [[Fitra|primordial faith]] that was revealed many times through earlier prophets such as [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] (believed to be the first man), [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], among others; these earlier [[Islamic holy books|revelations]] are attributed to Judaism and [[Christianity and Islam|Christianity]], which are regarded in Islam as [[People of the Book|spiritual predecessor faiths]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Abulafia |first=Anna Sapir |date=23 September 2019 |url=https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions |title=The Abrahamic religions |website=bl.uk |publisher=[[British Library]] |location=[[London]] |access-date=25 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150432/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions |archive-date=12 July 2020}}</ref>  The Quran and the [[Hadith|''Ḥadīth'' literature]] are the primary [[Islamic holy books|Islamic scriptures]], while the ''[[sunnah]]'' consists of the Islamic traditional customs and practices which all Muslims are expected to follow. Throughout its rich history, Islamic civilization has made notable scientific achievements which encompassed a wide range of subject areas especially [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|medicine]], [[Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world|mathematics]], [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|astronomy]], [[Arab Agricultural Revolution|agriculture]] as well as [[Physics in the medieval Islamic world|physics]], [[History of Islamic economics|economics]], [[List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world|engineering]] and [[Ibn al-Haytham|optics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162}}</ref><ref>Hassan, Ahmad Y. 1996. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century]." Pp. 351–99 in ''Islam and the Challenge of Modernity'', edited by S. S. Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: [[Ibn Khaldun International Institute of Advanced Research|International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization]]. Archived from the [http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html original] on 2 April 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise}}</ref> The consequence of Islam's rigorous monotheism led to a degree of [[panentheism]], sharing similarities with the Hindu idea of the Absolute (Brahman).<ref name="10.1163_1573-3912_islam_SIM_2884">Burton-Page, J., “Hindū”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 12 December 2023 {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2884}}
First published online: 2012
First print edition: {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, 1960–2007</ref> The Islamic mystical tradition predates contact with Hinduism, and Hinduistic monotheistic interpretations seem to be influenced by Islamic Sufism.<ref name="10.1163_1573-3912_islam_SIM_2884"/> The concept of Brahman was rarely subject of criticism from the perceptive of Islamic ''tawhid'', rather the Hindu belief that prophecy wouldn't be necessary to guide mankind.<ref name="10.1163_1573-3912_islam_SIM_1214 Barahima">Rahman, F., “Barāhima”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 12 December 2023 {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1214}}
First published online: 2012
First print edition: {{ISBN|9789004161214}}, 1960–2007</ref>

[[Hinduism]], also called ''[[Sanātana Dharma|sanatana dharma]]'' (eternal dharma), is an [[Indian religions|Indian religion]] and a [[Dharma|way of life]] primarily practiced in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Knott |first=Kim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p4kzNzII3zAC&pg=PA6 |title=Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction |date=24 February 2000 |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-160645-8 |pages=3–5 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=29 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174324/https://books.google.com/books?id=p4kzNzII3zAC&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hinduism mostly shares common terms with the [[Dharmic religion|dhārmic religions]] that it influenced, including [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Jainism]].<ref name="BEH1">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Coward |author-first=Harold |author-link=Harold Coward |year=2018 |origyear=2012 |title=Tolerance and Responses to Religious Pluralism |editor1-last=Basu |editor1-first=Helene |editor2-last=Jacobsen |editor2-first=Knut A. |editor2-link=Knut A. Jacobsen |editor3-last=Malinar |editor3-first=Angelika |editor4-last=Narayanan |editor4-first=Vasudha |editor4-link=Vasudha Narayanan |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=4 |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_9000000167 |isbn=978-90-04-17895-3 |issn=2212-5019}}</ref> The central [[Hindu texts|scriptures of Hinduism]] are the ''[[Śruti|Shruti]]'' and ''[[Smriti|Smruti]]'' texts''.'' Shruti texts consist of the four ''[[Vedas]]'' (which comprise the original Vedic hymns, or ''[[Samhita]]s'') and three tiers of commentaries upon the ''samhitas'', namely the ''[[Brahmana|Brāhmaṇas]]'', ''[[Aranyaka|Āraṇyakas]]'', and ''[[Upanishads]].''<ref>{{cite book |last=Klostermaier |first=Klaus K. |author-link=Klaus Klostermaier |year=2007 |title=A Survey of Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/surveyhinduismth00klos |url-access=limited |location=[[Albany, New York]] |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/surveyhinduismth00klos/page/n64 46–49]}}</ref> These texts are considered to be authentic knowledge and wisdom of the past, collated, compiled, and codified into written form for future generations. [[Smriti|''Smruti'']] texts includes the ''[[Ramayana|Rāmāyana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'', ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagavad Gītā]]'', and ''[[Puranas|Purānas]]'', which are also considered to be sacred Hindu texts.